The Fate and Occurrence of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes during Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Disinfection: A Review

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious problem for modern society, not only associated with clinical environments, but also the natural environment. Conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important nodes dissemination of antibiotic to aquatic environment since they reservoirs antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), genes (ARGs), and residues. WWTPs designed remove these determinants from wastewater, as result, present in treated effluent, leading environmental public health concerns regarding disposal reuse. Additional treatments combined conventional can be barriers spread AMR In order understand effect methods on removal ARB ARGs, an extensive bibliographic study was conducted. This review summarizes efficiency disinfection methods, tertiary treatment, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) ARGs wastewater. context revised Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 91/271/EEC, further studies needed potential AOPs full-scale, offer great low formation toxic by-products compared methods.